Thevenin's Theorem
Consider the figure below which schematically represents the two-terminal network of constant emf's and resistances; a high-resistance voltmeter, connected to the accessible terminals, will indicate the so called open circuit voltage voc. If an extremely low-resistance ammeter is next connected to the same terminals, as in fig.(b), which is so called the short-circuit current isc will be measured.
Now the two quantities determined above may be used to represent an equivalent simple network consisting of the single resistance RTH, which is equal to voc/isc. If the resistor RL is connected to the two terminals, the load current of the circuit will be
IL = voc / RTH+RL---------------> equation no.1
The analysis leading to the equation no.1 above was first proposed by M.L. Thevenin the latter part of the nineteenth century, and has been recognized as an important principle in electric circuit theory. His theory was stated as follows: In any two-terminal network of fixed resistances and constant sources of emf, the current in the load resistor connected to the output terminals is equal to the current that would exist in the same resistor if it were connected in series with (a) a simple emf whose voltage is measured at the open-circuited network terminals and (b) a simple resistance whose magnitude is that of the network looking back from the two terminals into the network with all sources of emf replaced by their internal resistances.
Thevenin's Theorem has been applied to many network solutions which considerably simplify the calculations as well as reduce the number of computations.
Norton's Theorem
From the previous topic above, it was learned that a somewhat modified approach of Thevenin was formulated. This modified approach is to convert the original network into a simple circuit in which a parallel combination of constant-current source and looking-back resistance "feeds" the load resistor. Take a look on the figure below
Take note that Norton's theory also make use of the resistance looking back into the network from the load resistance terminals, with all potential sources replaced by the zero-resistance conductors. It also employs a fictitious source which delivers a constant current, which is equal to the current that would pass into a short circuit connected across the output terminals of the original circuit.
From the fig (b) above of Norton's equivalent circuit, the load current would be
IL = IN RN / RN+RL ---------------> equation no.2
Superposition Theorem
The theorem states like this: In the network of resistors that is energized by two or more sources of emf, (a) the current in any resistor or (b) the voltage across any resistor is equal to: (a) the algebraic sum of the separate currents in the resistor or (b) the voltages across the resistor, assuming that each source of emf, acting independently of the others, is applied separately in turn while the others are replaced by their respective internal values of resistance.
This theorem is illustrated in the given circuit below:
The original circuit above ( left part ) have one emf source and a current source. If you like to obtain the current I which is equal to the sum of I' + I"using the superposition theorem, we need to do the following steps:
a. Replace the current source Io by an open circuit. Therefore, an emf source vo will act independently having a current I' as the first value obtained when the circuit computed.
b. Replace emf source vo by a short circuit. This time Io will act independently and I" now will be obtained when the circuit computed.
c. The two values obtained ( I' and I") with emf and current source acting independently will be added to get I = I' + I"
Millman's Theorem
Any combination of parallel-connected voltage sources can be represented as a single equivalent source using Thevenin's and Norton theorems appropriately. This can be illustrated as :
The formula above can be written as:
VL = V1/R1 + V2/R2 + .....Vn / Rn
-------------------------------
1/R1 + 1/R2 + ......1/Rn + 1/RL
where:
V1, V2, V3... Vn are the voltages of the individual voltage sources.
R1, R2, R3... Rn are the internal resistances of the individual voltage sources.
Vout or VL= load voltage
RL = load resistor
Consider the figure below which schematically represents the two-terminal network of constant emf's and resistances; a high-resistance voltmeter, connected to the accessible terminals, will indicate the so called open circuit voltage voc. If an extremely low-resistance ammeter is next connected to the same terminals, as in fig.(b), which is so called the short-circuit current isc will be measured.
 |
| Test circuits for Thevenin's Theorem |
IL = voc / RTH+RL---------------> equation no.1
The analysis leading to the equation no.1 above was first proposed by M.L. Thevenin the latter part of the nineteenth century, and has been recognized as an important principle in electric circuit theory. His theory was stated as follows: In any two-terminal network of fixed resistances and constant sources of emf, the current in the load resistor connected to the output terminals is equal to the current that would exist in the same resistor if it were connected in series with (a) a simple emf whose voltage is measured at the open-circuited network terminals and (b) a simple resistance whose magnitude is that of the network looking back from the two terminals into the network with all sources of emf replaced by their internal resistances.
Thevenin's Theorem has been applied to many network solutions which considerably simplify the calculations as well as reduce the number of computations.
Norton's Theorem
From the previous topic above, it was learned that a somewhat modified approach of Thevenin was formulated. This modified approach is to convert the original network into a simple circuit in which a parallel combination of constant-current source and looking-back resistance "feeds" the load resistor. Take a look on the figure below
 |
| Norton's equivalent circuit |
From the fig (b) above of Norton's equivalent circuit, the load current would be
IL = IN RN / RN+RL ---------------> equation no.2
Superposition Theorem
The theorem states like this: In the network of resistors that is energized by two or more sources of emf, (a) the current in any resistor or (b) the voltage across any resistor is equal to: (a) the algebraic sum of the separate currents in the resistor or (b) the voltages across the resistor, assuming that each source of emf, acting independently of the others, is applied separately in turn while the others are replaced by their respective internal values of resistance.
This theorem is illustrated in the given circuit below:
 |
| Illustration of Superposition Theorem |
a. Replace the current source Io by an open circuit. Therefore, an emf source vo will act independently having a current I' as the first value obtained when the circuit computed.
b. Replace emf source vo by a short circuit. This time Io will act independently and I" now will be obtained when the circuit computed.
c. The two values obtained ( I' and I") with emf and current source acting independently will be added to get I = I' + I"
Millman's Theorem
Any combination of parallel-connected voltage sources can be represented as a single equivalent source using Thevenin's and Norton theorems appropriately. This can be illustrated as :
 |
| This is Millman's Theorem |
VL = V1/R1 + V2/R2 + .....Vn / Rn
-------------------------------
1/R1 + 1/R2 + ......1/Rn + 1/RL
where:
V1, V2, V3... Vn are the voltages of the individual voltage sources.
R1, R2, R3... Rn are the internal resistances of the individual voltage sources.
Vout or VL= load voltage
RL = load resistor
No comments:
Post a Comment